A Literary And Historical Standpoint - 2069 Words

Although it is practical from a literary and historical standpoint, object-driven analyses of Shakespeare’s First Folio fail to account for, as Brown says, â€Å"the story of the object asserting itself as a thing.† By treating the First Folio as only a book meant to be read for information these analyses let it stagnate in a subject-object binary which leads us to falsely believe that the subject creates knowledge from the object. Or as Brown says, we are stuck viewing the object as a â€Å"code by which our interpretive attention makes them meaningful† (Brown 4). This line of thinking is problematic because the object then lacks agency. When the object transitions to a thing, the binary no longer applies and we can see that it has knowledge with or without a subject involved. Additionally, this shift out of the binary allows for the thing to become its own subject. If, as Baudrillard believes â€Å"it is the subject that totalizes the world† (qtd in Bro wn) then this implies that the thing is not merely passively impacted by the world but actively impacts the world with its presence. However, only viewing the First Folio as a thing in opposition to an object also limits our study of it. Instead, I propose that we should examine the story of an object becoming a thing. Before I further my argument I want to take a moment to fully examine the difference between an object and a thing and why current scholarship has failed to acknowledge the importance of the First Folio becoming a thing.Show MoreRelated The Bible And The Word inspire Essay859 Words   |  4 Pagesthat the authors were scribes, reproducing what was instilled in them by God. This idea is strengthened by looking at distinct examples from the scripture that show that scripture is inspired, and not made up. By using the form of criticism known as literary criticism, we can analyze certain installments of the scripture and use them to prove that the scripture is, in fact, inspired, not a collection of false statements. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are times in the Bible and in Biblical historyRead MoreLiterary Perspectives1379 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿English september 8, 2009 Literary Perspectives The following information was excerpted from The Bedford Introduction to Literature, 8th edition, 2079–2098 Formalist critics are primarily concerned with the language, structure, and tone of a work, otherwise known, as it’s â€Å"formal elements†. Formalists gravitate towards â€Å"intrinsic† matters in a piece of literature, in simpler terms, diction, irony, paradox, metaphor, and symbol. In a similar fashion, they emphasize larger elementsRead MoreAllegorical Metamorphosis1128 Words   |  5 Pagesan apple thrown by his father. Surprisingly, the families’ lives improve after Gregor’s death. 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To see a great work of fiction or a great poem primarily as a psychological case study,it means that we have to miss its real significance,its real meaning.Literary interpretation and psychoanalysis are twoRead MoreBook Review: Journey Through the Old Testament1538 Words   |  6 Pagesusage of journaling, which gives students an opportunity to internalize, reflect, and offer their own interpretations and opinions about varying events and historical figures found in the Old Testament. Another pretty frequent activity includes historical timelines, which is ideal for assisting students in becoming familiar with the overall historical context in which events occurred. The timelines are particularly useful in this respect, since they allow students to gauge when certain events happenedRead MoreSurvival of the Fittest1409 Words   |  6 Pagesthe world, and he was by no means impressed. By examining the different critical lenses of The Time Machine, the reader can see how H.G. Wells warns how the adverse effects of Social Darwinism are endangering the future of humanity. From a historical standpoint, there is evidence of a relationship regarding social issues during Wells’ own time and the setting of The Time Machine. The setting of the novel occurs during the late 1800s and the year 802,701. The late 1800s were the end of the VictorianRead MoreNo Cringe At The Third World Thought Of Arranged Marriages1353 Words   |  6 Pagesto culture. Culture alone. Culture encompassing religion, personal practices, finances, language, interactions both locally and internationally. Culture is multifaceted and influenced by the past and present. Paul Jay’s â€Å"The Transnational Turn in Literary Studies† discusses how globalization must be viewed from retrospective, using history to gauge the ever-evolving present. Likewise, past cultural practices influence present perspectives. Jumpha Lahiri’s â€Å"Going Ashore† brings the story of her twoRead MoreCriticism Of Anne Bradstreets Poetry871 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Theo ry and Anne Bradstreet’s Poems Anne Bradstreet was not the typical Puritan author. She wrote sweet and loving poems that greatly contrasted from other writers of her time. She did not write the ever so popular sermons that told people that they were going to hell and there was nothing they could do about it. Bradstreet was a rarity in Puritan times, she was a very educated woman that worked on something other than being a woman in the household. She was one of a kind and the beginning

Beowulf And The Great Eight Characteristics Of Heros

Social psychologist and author Scott Allison says â€Å"People tend to believe that heroes posses many or all of The Great Eight traits of heros: smart, strong, caring, reliable, resilient, selfless, charismatic, and inspiring. Theres so many heros how could they not be complex? The complexity of heroes evolved around their characteristics. Beowulf shows bravery and that he is strong when he kills monsters to protect his people , which also so loyalty because he is standing by his people and protecting them when he fights off mounters. When Beowulf is dying he makes Wiglaf in charge of his people Beowulf shows loyalty because he is still taking care if his people while dying, reliability because when he did this it proves that his people†¦show more content†¦PETA showed they are loyal to the animals because they stood up for them and help protect them and maybe will cut down any chance of getting tormented. They also showed that they are strong because they stood up for wh at was right and made HTWT lose money and most likely more business opportunities. PETA has found at The Pet Blood Bank, Inc. in Cherokee, Texas, these greyhounds have been Imprisoned in an old turkey shed, many already abused, and discarded by the notorious dog racing industry, this corporate had sales of $3 billion in 2016 alone. They are deprived of everything that is meaningful to them, like exercise, companionship, human family. Out of boredom and despair, leaving sharp and jagged edges that sometimes injure them. Some dogs pace, spin endlessly in circles, jump up and down, and cry out when approached, others are so terrified that they cower and lose control of their bladder or bowels. PETA shows their compassion and confidence when trying to end this for these dogs by asking volunteers to join them in asking Shane Altizer, who owns and operates The Pet Blood Bank, to surrender all the greyhounds for immediate veterinary care and rescue and to urge him to accept offers from competent anti-racing rescue agencies to examine, treat, transport and place these dog s. Other heros have these characteristics but in aShow MoreRelatedThe Heroes Of Beowulf And Malcolm X991 Words   |  4 PagesNot every hero wears a cape or tights, nor do they all have superpowers. Being a hero does not mean you have to be a crime fighter or a warrior. Heroism comes with the good that you do, and helping people and wanting better for people are makes heroes. Heroism can range from big to small; a hero can makes someone’s day, or he or she can even make history. Heroes can be local or worldwide. A hero could even be someone an individual looks up to as a role model. 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Examples of Pagan and Christian traditions are presented all throughout literature. Many of the influences deal with what it going on in the w orld, when the piece is written. When Beowulf was written, St. Augustine had just comeRead MoreHeroism Main Theme in Beowulf3076 Words   |  13 PagesThe main theme of Beowulf is heroism. This involves far more than physical courage. It also means that the warrior must fulfill his obligations to the group of which he is a key member. There is a clear-cut network of social duties depicted in the poem. The king has an obligation to behave with generosity. He must reward his thanes with valuable gifts for their defense of the tribe and their success in battle. This is why King Hrothgar is known as the â€Å"ring-giver.† He behaves according toRead MoreHeroism as the Main Theme of Beowulf Essay2557 Words   |  11 PagesHeroism as the Main Theme of Beowulf The main theme of Beowulf is heroism. This involves far more than physical courage. It also means that the warrior must fulfil his obligations to the group of which he is a key member. There is a clear-cut network of social duties depicted in the poem. The king has an obligation to behave with generosity. He must reward his thanes with valuable gifts for their defense of the tribe and their success in battle. This is why King HrothgarRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pageswith both evil and good characteristics often involve the persecution of a young woman who is forced apart from her true love Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · short stories and novels hold readers attention through dread of a series of terrible possibilities feature landscapes of dark forests, extreme vegetation, concealed ruins with horrific rooms, depressed characters Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · today in literature we still see portrayals of alluring antagonists whose evil characteristics appeal to one s senseRead MoreLiterary Terms3784 Words   |  16 Pagesusually indicated by punctuation. Writers use caesura to change thoughts or to emphasize the next few words of the line. Example: Example: Comes a still voice.-Yet a few days, and thee--Wm. Cullen Bryant Are but the solemn decorations all Of the great tomb of man. The golden sun,--William Cullen Bryant -3- Characterization A character always has human traits, even if the character is an animal or a god. How a writer reveals the personality of a character is through characterization. A writer

Strategic Marketing Management Paper free essay sample

After showcasing her talent as the lead in her high school’s production of Grease, Tasha Schuh began to dream of a career in theatre. No one presumed that the stage itself would steal her dream—and almost her life—during a rehearsal for her next big show. Just days before her opening night performance in The Wizard of Oz, Tasha took one step backward and fell 16 feet through a trap door. Landing on the concrete floor below the stage, she spent the next three days preparing for a surgery that would at best leave her a C-5 quadriplegic. Post-op complications turn Tasha’s struggle and ultimate triumph into an unbelievable journey. From loss and grief, to self-discovery and achievement, Tasha’s faith, resilience, and honesty have allowed her to leave the old Tasha behind while she confronts the new Tasha’s life from a state of the art wheelchair. This poignant memoir from the current Ms. Wheelchair USA inspires readers to welcome adversity—to â€Å"face your own trap door of opportunity. † Tasha constantly says, â€Å"†¦ every day is a gift†¦ and I will never take a step backward again. This book is just one example of how she lives these words everyday and inspires others to do the same, no matter what their â€Å"trap door† might be. Firm History The book was published in December 2012, and initial response to the book has been tremendous. Two additional printings have already been ordered with a third printing expected in late April 2013. The Dane Foundation and the Ms. Wheelchair USA organization are marketing promoting the book. The Dane Foundation was founded eight years ago, in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio by five friends determined to make a unique difference in the lives of those with disabilities. The Dane Foundation is headquartered in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, but services and supports are promoted on a national, grassroots level. The 501C3 organization’s mission is to provide for the unique needs of individuals with disabilities, single mothers and their children with disabilities, and senior citizens. In addition, the organization has a mandate to provide programs that promote acceptance and understanding of individuals served, utilizing unique information and learning avenues. One of those unique avenues is the Ms. Wheelchair USA program. Ms. Wheelchair USA began as a state competition more than fourteen years ago. Women with disabilities from all over Ohio would trek to the Akron area for a four-day, televised live competition, which promoted their abilities, despite disabilities. After much persistence from women all over the country, the organization expanded and founded the national competition six years ago. Each year twelve national finalists are selected from countrywide applicants and then they compete in the weeklong national finals held each July in Northeast Ohio. Contestants participate in several interview competitions, a platform presentation, evening gown competition, and of course, several production numbers live on stage as well as community based activities throughout the week. The mission of the Ms. Wheelchair USA program is to promote glamour, self-confidence and community service†¦celebrating the achievements of women with disabilities. Ms. Wheelchair USA became a program under The Dane Foundation’s umbrella when producer Lowery D. Lockard co-founded The Dane Foundation eight years ago. The book by Tasha came on the heels of her crowning as the 2012-2013 Ms. Wheelchair USA. Representing Wisconsin, Tasha was selected as a national finalist and was ultimately crowned the titleholder. The book is her story of tragedy and success; the book is the example of uniqueness promoted by The Dane Foundation. The Dane Foundation is currently seeking a way to promote My Last Step Backward as an inspirational learning opportunity for those with and without disabilities. The book is a tool in the organization’s larger mission and, of course, is a estament to the abilities of women with disabilities like Tasha. (This section of the MMGP and compilation provided by Lowery D. Lockard. ) The Four P’s – Old New Product: My Last Step Backward is an inspirational book telling the story of author Tasha Schuh’s struggle facing life as a quadriplegic and her journey closer to God. Tasha was sixteen and loved life and acting. A tragic stage accident caused Tasha t o fall through a trapdoor in the stage causing her permanent paralysis. Her dreams of stage were over†¦or so she thought. As the new Ms. Wheelchair USA, Tasha has been on many stages, both large and small, inspiring others with her story of determination and encouraging them to take their Last Step Backward. Place: This book can be purchased online through Tasha’s website, www. Tashaschuh. com; The Ms. Wheelchair USA website at www. MsWheelchairUSA. org; and The Dane Foundation site at www. TheDaneFoundation. org. The book is also available on Amazon. com, Barnes and Nobles stores and through on-site book signing and meet and greet events all over the US. Amazon and Barnes and Nobles also offer electronic versions of the autobiography. Promotion: Since this is a new product, we have only just begun promoting the book over the past couple of months. Currently, A number of websites are selling My Last Step Backward like The Dane Foundation, Ms. Wheelchair USA organization, Intervarsity- a national Christian fellowship, and Tasha’s own website. The Ms. Wheelchair USA organization has a wonderful promotional flyer that is being distributed through Facebook and other organizational events and activities. In May, Tasha will be making several appearances in Ohio, the headquarters of Ms. Wheelchair USA promoting the book at an event with the City of Stow, as well as at several book signings in local book stores and library sites. We plan to prepare a book tour, combining book signings and press stops throughout the US in June and July. Price: There are several pricing structures available. Those listed here do not include additional charges that may apply related to shipping and handling of the book. Tasha’s website- $17. 99 paperback; Amazon- $12. 47 paperback, $10. 00 kindle version; Barnes and Nobles- $12. 47 paperback, $8. 80 nook version; Ms. Wheelchair USA / The Dane Foundation $17. 99 paperback. The book has also been made available to various organizations with a group discount depending on the number of books purchased. People: The people currently involved in the marketing of the book, My Last Step Backward include a marketing committee specifically assigned from The Dane Foundation and Ms. Wheelchair USA staff and Tasha Schuh. Processes: The processes currently being utilized to market the book include social media, press and promotion, and several on site promotions including meet and greets and personal appearances. The processes include the development of an extended marketing plan, development of trending tools and data with constant review and evaluation of cost and profit of overall book sales and their respective effect on the main organization and Tasha Schuh professional speaker. Programs: There are many programs in their initial implementation stages including social media marketing, personal appearances, a book tour, and store promotions and book signings. The book is also included in the regular programs and activities of both The Dane Foundation and Ms. Wheelchair USA for promotion and sales. Performance: Performance will be monitored by various outcome measures to include profitability of the book itself as well as its effect on the overall successes of The Dane Foundation, Ms. Wheelchair USA, and Tasha Schuh as a professional speaker. In addition, the book will be evaluated in relation to its impact on society both those with and without disabilities. This section of the MMGP and compilation provided by Jenna Seemann, Brian Harrison, and Lowery D. Lockard. ) Demographic Trends: The religious and inspirational book market is growing. E-books are still accelerating in sales and gaining acceptance. These tools include digital textbooks and digital libraries. (In fact, when children register for school, they are told their textbooks will be available online. Online textbooks lessen the amount of material the children have to carry home and negate the excuse, I forgot my book. ) Borders is now publishing books to be sold exclusively in Borders stores and is currently holding a writing contest for store employees. Audio book sales are on the rise. Graphic novels are selling well, with two surprises: There is an increase in nonfiction sales, and more women are buying. The global publishing market is expected to reach a worth of more than $252 billion by 2014, with about -3. 0% decline in the succeeding years. (Book Publishing in the US: Market Research Report, 2013) For more on graphic novels, see http://news. bookweb. rg/news/5333. html. Statistical trends: A recent report from AAP revealed these statistics as influencing factors for book purchases: (Book Publishing in the US: Market Research Report, 2013) Adult Hardcover sales were up 11. 1% Adult Paperback sales were up 0. 3% Adult Mass Market sales were down 4. 6% Unemployment rate 2. 5% annually over the next five years Childrens/YA Hardcover sales were up 22 . 2% Childrens/YA Paperback sales were up 7. 1% Audio Book sales were up 25. 9% E-book sales were up 13. 5% Religious book sales were up 19. 4% Technological changes that have affected consumer acceptance: The EBM (espresso book machine), a print on demand system which allows a buyers to present a credit card and have a requested book print in approximately the amount of time necessary to make a latte, may be coming to a store or library near you in the not-so-distant future. As far as book marketing goes, third-party advertising in books is becoming more prominent. Margaret Atwoods invention, the LongPen, allowed authors to sign books for fans at BEA and The London International Book Fair (among other locations) without leaving home. See (http://www. longpen. com/lp-welcome. html) for more information on this new technology. Larger companies such as Amazon and Simon Schuster are promoting authors with video and podcasts; and Harper Collins will be offering book excerpts via iPhone. Consumer’s tastes and preferences: One thing to take into consideration is how to keep readers interested in a book while awaiting publication. Fortunately there are widgets to help keep people interested in Web pages. An example of this is at –(http://gayletrent. com/stressrelief. aspx). An example of where we might want to give others a heads up about our new book is Publishers Lunch, which is a short version of Publishers Marketplaces daily news. On Tuesdays, they send out Deal Lunch which is about 25% of the book deals reported the previous week. Its a good way to keep abreast of what books are selling. Social /cultural factors: The Internet has also allowed a number of new competitors to enter into the market. Newspapers and magazines not only have to compete with each other, but with websites such as tmz. com and perezhilton. om. Consumers now demand news/gossip that is delivered fast and the print media has had to change its focus. New technologies with regards to printing are another factor that has influenced the publishing industry. Digital printing, for example, has made printing mass produced literature faster and more efficient. It has also led to a new phenomenon in the industry known as print on demand. The pace and ease in which publications are print ed has allowed publishers to print on order, rather than printing in bulk and having that money wasted in storage. E-books are another relatively new technology that is changing the landscape of the publishing industry. Many major publishers in around the world produce e-books along with their printed formats. There are even those in the industry, which specialize purely in e-publishing. In addition, the disability service and supply industry as well as the socialization of those with disabilities into mainstream education, housing, and employment has also presented an opportunity to promote a book like My Last Step Backward. (This section of the MMGP provided by Michael Newby. Market Analysis The Market Analysis for My Last Step Backward is unique in that there are no other autobiographical books written by a woman who has experienced a tragedy like Tasha, and then gone on to become Ms. Wheelchair USA. This makes comparisons difficult, however, by placing the book in the inspirational and informational genres, it is easier to relate various consumer factors. Tasha’s story is inspirational and many of her experiences discussed are informational in nature therefore the book allows us to reach across many target markets. This market analysis will include market information related to the consumer’s behavior expected for this type of product. â€Å"Consumer behavior involves the psychological processes that consumers go through in recognizing needs, finding ways to solve these needs, making purchase decisions (e. g. , whether or not to purchase a product and, if so, which brand and where), interpret information, make plans, and implement these plans. † (Perner, 2008). We know that a consumer’s buying behavior is influenced by many factors including their cultural, social, and personal factors. Market Analysis – Cultural Factors Cultural factors often exert the most influence over a consumer’s behavior. Culture is described as a fundamental determinant of a person’s wants and their behaviors. (Kotler Kotler, 2012). This factor is vital to our product’s market analysis, because it relates to how one was raised, their views and opinions on different topics relating to an individual with disabilities, women, women with disabilities, women in pageants, successful and inspirational women. According to Lars Perner, from the Marshall School of Business, if a consumer’s culture is based on US and some northern European values, a consumer will have been exposed to an expectation of self-worth, pride, philanthropy, and success. So, we can expect their culture is similar to those of the US and they will be most likely consumers of this book, as they will be more accepting and interested in the product and its message. The US culture has changed significantly over the past sixty years in relation to individuals with disabilities and their acceptance into mass society. Therefore, if a consumer has grown up being taught to fear or dislike individuals with disabilities, then they wouldn’t have any interest in purchasing this book. If they were raised in the culture of â€Å"hiding or secluding† individuals with disabilities, they may also be less likely to purchase this book. This may translate to potential consumers who were educated after the 1960’s when individuals with disabilities were being repopulated into society from institutions, and integrated into the public school systems and communities. It is also assumed that if a consumer has been raised in any type of healthcare environment, they will also be more likely to purchase this book. In turn, this will correlate to the different social classes in the United States’ market we are addressing. Someone who grows up in a US household where family members work in the healthcare industry can usually be segmented in a middle class to upper middle class home environment. This social class is more likely to purchase and read books. (Perner, 2008). Market Analysis – Social Factors Social Factors like groups, family, social roles, and status will influence a consumer’s behavior in purchasing items. Therefore, if a consumer grew up wanting to understand disabilities; accepting that individuals with disabilities are a valuable part of the US society; having an understanding and expectation of helping those less fortunate than themselves; if they have a relative or friend with a disability; a relative or friend that works in the healthcare industry; have experienced a tragedy; been exposed to a disability, tragedy accident or untimely death, these are all a positive influence on potential consumer for the book. One of the keys to target for our product will be in identifying the â€Å"Opinion Leader†. They are typically the person or friend one goes to when they are looking to make a purchase and offer influence through advice and opinions. (Kotler Kotler, 2012). (This section of the MMGP provided by Brian Harrison with additions and compilation by Lowery D. Lockard. ) The personal factors that have influence on a consumer’s purchasing of this book include such demographic variables as age and lifecycle stage, occupation, economic situation, and lifestyle choices. Lifestyle choices will envelope a person’s daily activities, hobbies, interests, and opinions. Personality and self-concept will play a significant role here, due to the book’s inspirational and Christian nature. (Shah, 2010) The consumer market for this product will be largely female, ages thirteen to sixty, because of it’s inspirational nature as well as the success and celebrity factor of its female author. A consumer working in the healthcare, entertainment, or inspirational and motivational fields like pageant participants, performers, teachers, ministers, and counselors will show greater interest in this book, since the product is motivational in nature, provides a basis in the entertainment and pageant industry, and is based on an accident that caused a permanent health issue for the author. While a literary product is typically purchased by middle to upper class consumers, the cost of this product is economical for those with less disposable income. Those with a personal or professional interest in individuals with disabilities, successful women, pageant contestants, entertainers, and Christian or inspirational stories in general, will be a likely consumer, based on personal factors. Many of the recently obtained points of sale link the product with other motivational books. Amazon. com actually sells a pair of books, My Last Step Backwards with Best When Broken- another motivational book about life in a wheelchair. Many consumers that purchase this book may also utilize a wheelchair and be looking to this product for some personal guidance in their new or ongoing physical situation. Market Analysis – Psychological Factors Many psychological factors play a part in a consumer’s purchasing behavior. These can include motivation, perception of their current life situation, their inspiration to learn or need to deal with an emotional issue, their personal attitudes and beliefs. (Shah, 2010). When researching books recently viewed and purchased on Amazon. com, many of these are in the inspirational and Christian genre. Some are about life in a wheelchair, loss of a limb, or are inspirational tools offered to deal with life changing occurrences. This indicates that many consumers who will purchase My Last Step Backward may be looking for inspirational supports of a personal or Christian nature. These supports may or may not be following a tragedy. Consumers are looking for tools to fill the need to address issues within their own lives with a loved one or other family member who may be disabled or have become wheelchair bound. They are most likely seeking guidance to help with life adjustments that have resulted from a change in their life. These consumers fall under the need for a story to share and help them also adjusting to their new roles. Similarly, autobiographical books by those with some level of celebrity are also being purchased. My Last Step Backward is written by a celebrity author and will appeal to young women looking for a parent-approved role model. (This section prepared by Jenna Seemann with additions and compilation by Lowery D. Lockard) Market Analysis – Consumer Behaviors Every aspect of consumer behavior will be reviewed and considered as we prepare the marketing plan for My Last Step Backward. An emphasis will be placed on the personal and psychological factors because of the personal, faith based and inspirational nature of the book, as well as its autobiographical format. A main key in our marketing plans will be to â€Å"find the sweet-spot where faith and culture intersect,† as Larry Ross, a successful Dallas Christian based marketing professional explained in a New York Times article. (Saroyan, 2006). Books and programs that rely heavily on faith based inspiration and successes, do well to consider the basic personal needs of a consumer but they must be combined with their culture and faith, Ross said. The biggest national stories since 9/11 have touched on faith and Tasha’s story and resulting success told in My Last Step Backward is certainly founded in faith. While chapters of the book speak to the accident, resulting injuries, surgeries, medical and physical scenarios, the book also speaks to basic human needs, faith, and determination. The consumer market for this product will be largely female, ages thirteen to sixty, because of it’s inspirational nature as well as the success and celebrity factor of its female author. Market Segments – Variables The variables we will consider when segmenting our target markets include geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral. While our geographic segment, at this time, is the United States we will rely on some grassroots marketing to increase marketability and success. Through one-on-one meetings like book signings and presentations, the interest and success of the book will increase after an up-close experience with its author, Tasha Schuh. Demographic segmenting will look to various aspects of the female gender, not dismissing a male audience, but realizing this tool is more female friendly. Various market segments will be approached within the target demographics including a focus on Gen X and Gen Y or Millennials realizing that these approximate 128 million potential consumers will have a more open mind and popular interest in the story of a successful individual with disabilities. Psychographic groups like Experiencers and Achievers will be considered along with Strivers and Believers to apply in our marketing plan combining those that are goal-oriented and successful with young people, those with concrete beliefs and those who are trendy and accepting of inspirational and faith based materials. Book Publishing in the US: Market Research Report, 2013) (This section of the MMGP provided by Lowery D. Lockard previously assigned to Raymond Washington. ) There are many ways we can evaluate the attractiveness of each identified segment. The book publishing process can be divided into three main parts: Commissioning, Editing, Productions. They are explained as follows: 1. C OMMISSIONING. Publishing begins with the generation of a project idea. The project idea is triggered by: New Markets New syllabus Revised syllabus Changing market needs. Proposal from author. Market information is arrived at by conducting market survey. This would entail looking at the market needs to determine whether there is a market gap (market opportunity). The following equations would help to assess the market gap. Market needs – Available = 0 (No Market gap) Market needs – Available = 1 (Market gap) Market needs – Available = -1 (Saturated Market gap) 2. Publishing proposal After the project idea has been generated and market survey conducted, the next step is to assess the economic viability of the project idea. This entails preparation of publication proposal, which captures: All origination costs. Number of copies to print. Printing cost. Unit production cost. Selling price. Number of copies projected to be sold per year. Profit margin. The proposal is assessed against company’s financial objectives. The desired gross margins for all the projects. The period needed to achieve the desired rate of return on investment. (R. O. I. ) The project proposal is either approved or not approved based on above parameters. If the project is approved, then the author(s) is/are identified and commissioned. Manuscript Acquisition Procedures Identify the right author who: Knows his/her subject well. Effectively communicates with target readers. Meets deadlines. Commission author formally in writing. Commissioning letter should give clear briefs and specifications on: Extent of Manuscript. Artwork/illustrations required: Minimum and maximum per chapter. Target audience/readership level so as to determine: Appropriate methodology. Style. Language. Deadline Presentation. Handwritten manuscripts are accepted in very exceptional cases. Typed manuscripts are preferred. They must be typed with good interline spacing and outer margins to allow space for editing. . Manuscript Evaluation Assessment Publishers use in-house editorial staff or a pool of external evaluators to assess submitted manuscripts. Criteria for in-house evaluation Editorial policy which for instance determines the categories in which the company publishes in or the priority publishing segments of the moment. House style. Textbook evaluation criteria. If an in-house evaluation report is pos itive it is always advisable to seek a second external opinion to validate this standpoint. This is because: Editor’s opinion may not be representative enough. Second opinion means fewer risks in terms of book being a flop. Finding external readers/advisors Publishers would always zero in on experts in subject area. They would mainly be practicing/retired teachers/lecturers. They should be given evaluation guidelines by the publisher. Tasha’s book will be a motivational agent for various people from all walks of life considering a variety of factors which influence consumer purchasing. I recommend that we pursue full market coverage or what is known as undifferentiated. The book should not be specialized to one audience. In undifferentiated marketing, the firm ignores segment difference and goes after the whole market with one offer. It designs a product and a marketing program that will appeal to the broader number of buyers. It relies on mass distribution and advertising. It aims to endow the product with a superior image. Undifferentiated marketing is the marketing counterpart to standardization and mass production in manufacturing? The narrow product line keeps down costs of research and development production, inventory, transportation, marketing research, advertising, and product management. The undifferentiated advertising program keeps down advertising costs. Presumably, the company can turn its lower costs into lower prices to win the price sensitive segment of the market. (This section of the MMGP provided by Michael Newby. ) Market Segments Target Markets Our target markets for My Last Step Backward include several segments of women, professional and corporate motivators, and the contemporary Christian market. 1. Teens and Young Women (Gen Y): These women will be targeted, as they are most likely to be a group searching for a positive and successful female role model. Without the hindrances of â€Å"Hollywood† but with all the glamour of a pageant winner, Tasha will appeal to these young women based on her success and celebrity. Tasha’s beauty and self-confidence will inspire young women through her photos and words to overcome any physical thing they see as a defect, and help them turn their doubts into confidence. In addition, her poignant faithfulness will serve as an opportunity for young women to profess their Christian faith and beliefs are not only â€Å"ok† in today’s society, but through their reading of the book this will be instrumental in their growth and success. . Women desiring success: These women will vary in demographics and can include Gen X and Gen Y members. The marketing for this target market will be to focus on their need for acceptance, despite any adversity they may face in their own lives. Tasha’s examples in the book of overcoming serious and numerous obstacles will serve as an inspira tion to other women looking for success and feeling like because of their age, physical issues, income, education, or other personal circumstances that anything is possible if you focus on stepping forward and believing that you have taken your last step backward. We also know that women in this category look for understanding and acceptance and even dream of success and celebrity. (The unbelievable popularity of female-based reality television shows like Dance Moms and The Housewives of XYZ is an example of this! ) We know these women have a belief they can succeed and will use the book as an inspirational tool for success. 3. Women with disabilities and/or Mothers of children with disabilities: This segment will be targeted with the story of Tasha’s accident, medical diagnosis, struggles through the health care process or a tragic injury and subsequent successes and independence. These women and Moms can use the book as a resource of information and processes when dealing with a disability. In addition, the book will serve as an inspirational tool for those that are struggling, new to the disability world, or Moms who doubt that their child with disabilities will ever have an opportunity at success, celebrity, or independence. 4. Contemporary Christian market: The marketing plans will address this contemporary Christian market with a focus on faith overcoming adversity. Tasha clearly speaks to her doubts, her forced reliance on God, and how He has helped her to have the life that others thought she couldn’t have because of her disability. We will address this market’s need for inspirations through a current and trendy example, faith through tragedy, success and triumph despite unbelievable obstacles. It is important to note that we will focus on those within the Contemporary Christian market as tools like celebrity, music, entertainment, and motivational inspiration ideals in the book may not appeal to those looking for a traditional, more old-school, or formal religious answer or inspiration. This section of the MMGP provided by Lowery D. Lockard. ) Positioning of My Last Step Backward There are thousands of autobiographies dating back to c. 175 when Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius wrote The Mediations. Today our book, My Last Step Backward, is still a unique literary offering in the autobiographical/memoir world. It’s a true, li fe story that begins with a Once Upon A Time, and really does end with a â€Å"real life† Happily Ever After! The New York Times suggests thirty-one celebrity â€Å"life† books, several of them are autobiographical in nature. From an autobiography by Clive Davis, founder of Motown Records to stories about Any Worhol and Lady Gaga, these books feature the celebrity â€Å"dirt† and some positives. Books about Princess Grace Kelly, Princess Diana, and Christopher Reeves hold more positives and inspiration and less glitz and glamour. Christopher Reeves wrote the book, Still Me, three years after his spinal cord injury, while another autobiography by Errol Flynn was self-written in 1959. We know that in the next year, Tasha’s memoir will be part of the top 30 on their published reading list! My Last Step Backward is sure to be the first installment by Tasha in a series of survival from tragedy, struggle and triumph books that will grace the shelves and consumer’s nightstands for years to come. The autobiographical book, written by the amazing Tasha Schuh, will inspire the reader while offering information and reality reading. Our Brand Positioning Bull’s-eye below gives a visual target for our team as we position and market My Last Step Backward and ultimately, Tasha Schuh. Our positioning statement encompasses the book’s message†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Take Your Last Step Backward†¦I did! Positioning In The Marketplace Our book, My Last Step Backward has a new and growing position in the marketplace. The book is already making a showing on several social media streams along with early identification on Bing, Google and other popular search engines as an inspirational autobiography†¦a good first step forward! As we research the current standings of t he new book, it hasn’t made the New York Best Sellers List yet, but we are on our way! The book was printed in December 2012 and has already sold more than 1,000 copies with only personal and basic promotion. New placement in markets online and in some bookstores are being secured currently. As we move forward in our marketing and promotion efforts, the book will take a position next to other celebrity, inspirational, memoirs like those of Christopher Reeves and Jodi Tada. According to research on a variety of literary sites from Amazon. com to Alibris Marketplace, etc. there are eight books commonly noted when searching for stories about women with disabilities, inspirational women’s autobiographies, and similar disability tools. These include only one autobiography by a woman, My Body Politic, by Simi Linton. This book was written by an accident victim in the 1970’s and focuses more on advocacy issues relating to the lack of ADA laws in the 80’s and less on inspiration and motivation. (This section of the MMGP and compilation provided by Lowery D. Lockard. ) Competition – The Market Leader A current author that is a Market Leader in our industry is Joni Eareckson-Tada. She has written several books over the years and has one of the more successful autobiographical books about surviving a disability, to date. One of her strengths is capturing the audience with real scenarios and circumstances. She was doing a routine event, and suddenly her life changed forever. However, just like any other person, she understood that just because her prognosis was permanent quadriplegia, that didn’t mean she should quit on life. One of the weaknesses of the book for a general market can be that her books are so strongly tied to her religious message. For some, this may be a deterrent from purchasing the book, because it is marketed as a religious reading and many consumers might not want to tie religion into their leisure readings. We will be tailoring our message for My Last Step Backward to address the aspect of faith, however it will be a secondary factor to inspiration, motivation, and information. We know, after looking at the long-term success of Joni Eareckson-Tada in the religious genre, that we will be able to mimic and exceed those successes to a wider audience acceptance. According to Lee Posen’s article in the Strategic Management Journal, sometimes tailored imitation from firms can help follower firms surpass market leaders. (Posen, 2013) We agree! Another firm leader is Christopher Reeves and his literary works. Despite his death, his books remain on several must read lists of autobiographies and memoirs. His change from the Superman celebrity heartthrob to quadriplegic was a huge and very closely watched life change. His struggles and successes were documented daily for several years as he re-invented his celebrity and learned to triumph in Hollywood following his accident. The book Still Me, written by Reeves three years after his accident, is still on the New York Times best-read list. Sadly the weakness of this competition is that Reeves will add no new entries to his literary shelf since he passed away in 2004. While his foundation, movies, and legacy actively continue, we believe Tasha’s book will have the opportunity to build on Reeves’ messages to those trying to overcome tragedy and life-changing accidents. Competition Brand Elements Brand elements are essential in any successful business. Brand elements cause high levels of brand awareness with target consumers and builds brand equity (Farhana, 2012). We will incorporate elements that are meaningful, memorable, and likeable among the masses. One brand element is our cover, a picture of beautiful Tasha, smiling and wearing a crown while sitting in a wheelchair. This photo, and contemporary cover can stand as a symbol of several things; winning a tournament, winning a pageant, or competing and winning in life. We wanted to capture everyone’s desire to win by illustrating that this book can be read by anyone. In addition, our book offers a unique tragedy†¦a â€Å"last step backward. † While theatre accidents may be commonplace, a life changing theater accident while rehearsing at a high school musical isn’t a common happening. The tragedy is certainly a brand element, but the success and inspiration is another avenue we will follow. This story hasn’t been told yet, and lends itself to many metaphoric indicators when promoting the book and Tasha. Finally, we know that Tasha herself will become a brand element. Her beauty, spirit, determination, and talent will expand from the literary world to the road as a professional speaker, performer, host and more. Her title of Ms. Wheelchair USA can be compared to other celebrities branded, like Olympian Shaun White. Her talents before the accident are still available to her, in a different way, and we will work with her to build on these including the production of a musical cd, more books, etc. In the future, we know that Tasha’s celebrity will lend itself to a brand that can promote a clothing line (perhaps specific to contemporary women with disabilities), motivational tools and entertainment related products. (This section of the MMGP and compilation provided by Brian Harrison, with some additions by Lowery D. Lockard. ) Competition – Brand Mantra The brand mantra for My Last Step Backward is: Informational, Inspirational, Motivational†¦Reality Reading (This section of the MMGP and compilation provided by Lowery D. Lockard. ) Competition – Similar Promises While many books provide an inspirational message, there are no books, which offer a brand promise or mantra quite like ours. Because we are dealing with an individual with a unique story and continuing life, we have the opportunity to grow the â€Å"Happily Ever After† story into reality reading. Many books offer a piece of each section of our mantra, but none that we could find, provided the unique combination of all the pieces of the mantra. The closest stories relate to the Joni Tada and Christopher Reeves stories, similar in the level of tragic to success but different in their individualism and outcomes. This section of the MMGP and compilation provided by Michael Newby with some additions by Lowery D. Lockard. ) Competition – Attributes and Benefits One of the benefits of My Last Step Backward is having a tangible, motivational couch on hand, whenever someone needs one. It is an inspirational, and motivational â€Å"pick-me-up,† that will be there for dail y reference. It is a paperback copy that takes a lot of wear, it is small and portable, and, if you purchased the electronic version, it can be with the reader at all times. Even though it may not be waterproof, fireproof or completely weather proof, obtaining another copy is not difficult. It is available to the reader and will also serve as a positive and motivational gift for all ages. This product benefit relates specifically to three of our target markets. Those in the teen, busy women desiring success and mothers markets will appreciate this Happily Ever After, true, motivational story. Accessibility and ease of use are very important to them. Having a constant and accessible means of support is comforting, especially after experiencing a traumatic accident. This benefit speaks directly to those in our targets of mother’s with children with disabilities and women with disabilities. Specifically those dealing with a new disability. ) It is even better that this â€Å"support couch† is a new and contemporary story, addressing today’s living issues. Being able to have that mobile support to count on and share promotes self-motivation and inspiration. My Last Step Backwards is an inspirational pocketbook that can provide that little bit of motivat ion to the reader whenever they may need it. As our teen market is constantly bombarded with the pressure to be successful and be popular, this book will serve as a tool for them with the road seems to difficult to walk. When our youth market needs a positive inspiration, a life comparison, and a real Happily Ever After reality story (instead of the Housewives of Beverly Hills) they can turn to Tasha and her message. Since Tasha’s faith and Christianity are a part of this book and her ultimate success, the Contemporary Christian target market will benefit from these specific faith-related aspects as well as the overall inspiration and motivation in general. (This section of the MMGP and compilation provided by Jenna Seemann with additions by Lowery D. Lockard. ) Competition – Packaging Labeling We can use packaging and labeling to support our brand image by using our author, Tasha Schuh. Her image speaks for itself†¦a beautiful young woman, wearing a crown, in a wheelchair. Tasha’s inspiration is visible and transferred to the reader through her smile on the book’s cover. The cover is colorful and contemporary, appealing women of all ages. Photos throughout the book show Tasha’s active life in sports and entertainment prior to the accident. Continuing through the book, readers can see her photos in hospital, rehabilitation, and winning at the Ms. Wheelchair USA pageant. In addition, photos of Tasha and her youthful and supportive friends as well as her attractive boyfriend Doug will appeal to our target markets. Any potential consumer that picks up the book and flips through the pages, as most of us do at the bookstore, will see these photos and, if they are in our target markets, will be immediately intrigued by their presentation. As we develop point of sale displays and other promotional materials, Tasha’s brand will be the element that will grasp first look attention. Her crown and beauty combined with the large wheelchair will draw the potential consumer to pick up the book and read the inspiring story. Tasha’s presence at many book signings and public events is an additional resource we will use to package and promote our brand image. Our statements including the book’s actual title, will intrigue the potential buyer to purchase the book. This section of the MMGP and compilation provided by Michael Newby with some additions by Lowery D. Lockard. ) References: 1) Admin; (2007). Full Market Coverage. Retrieved from: http://www. citeman. com/1435-full-market-coverage. html#ixzz2PntojP00. 2) Author Unknown; (2013). List of autobiographies, retrieved from: www. Wikipedia. org/list_of_autobiographies. 3) Author Unknown: (2013). Autobiographies on Line, retrieved from: www. alibris. com. 4) Farhana, M. (2012). Brand Elements Lead To Brand Equity: Differentiate or Die. Information Management Business Review, 4(4), 223-233. 5) Harris,J. (2012). The Battle of Celebrity Memoirs. Guardian News Media, UK, December 12, 2012. 6) Harris, J. (2006). Top Thirty-One Autobiographies and Memories to Read. The New York Times, April 26, 2012. 7) Linton,S. (2008). My Body Politic: A Memoir by Simi Linton, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 8) Posen, H. E. , Lee, J. , Yi, S. (2013). The power of imperfect imitation. Strategic Management Journal, 34(2), 149-164. doi:10. 1002/smj. 2007. 9) Schuh, T. (n. d. ). BARNES NOBLE | My Last Step Backward by Tasha Schuh | NOOK Book (eBook), Paperback. Barnes Noble Books, Textbooks, eBooks, Toys, Games More. Retrieved March 31, 2013, from http://www. barnesandnoble. com/w/my-last-step-backward-tasha-schuh/1113834490 10) Environmental Factors in Publishing. (2009, June 07). In WriteWork. com. Retrieved 16:41, April 02, 2013, from http://www. writework. com/essay/environmental-factors-publishing Article Source: http://EzineArticles. com/818003. 11) My Last Step Backwards News intervarsity. rg . (n. d. ). InterVarsity Christian Fellowship/USA Home intervarsity. org . Retrieved March 31, 2013, from http://www. intervarsity. org/news/my-last-step-backwards. 12) Tasha Schuh, Ms. Wheelchair USA (2013). Retrieved from: www. MsWheelchairUSA. org. 13) Tasha Schuh, Ms. Wheelchair USA; (2013). Retrieved from www. TheDaneFoundation. org. 14) Schuh, T. (n. d. ). H ome. Home. Retrieved March 31, 2013, from http://tashaschuh. com. 15) Schuh, T. (n. d. ). My Last Step Backward: Tasha Schuh: 9781462404186: Amazon. com: Books. Amazon. com: Online Shopping for Electronics, Apparel, Computers, Books, DVDs more. Retrieved March 31, 2013, from http://www. amazon. com/Last-Step-Backward-Tasha-Schuh/dp/1462404189. 16) Schuh, T. (n. d. ). BARNES NOBLE | My Last Step Backward by Tasha Schuh | NOOK Book (eBook), Paperback. Barnes Noble Books, Textbooks, eBooks, Toys, Games More. Retrieved March 31, 2013, from http://www. barnesandnoble. com/w/my-last-step-backward-tasha-schuh/1113834490. 17) Book Publishing in the US: Market Research Report. (2013, Feb). Retrieved from Book Publishing Market Research Report | NAICS 51113 | : http://www. ibisworld. com/industry/default. aspx? indid=1233

Outcome Evaluation Essay Sample free essay sample

Executive sum-up: The current paper is a memoranda to the province bureau on measuring the sellers on Drug A ; Substance abuse intervention centres. The five sellers that are in rating are. Volunteers of America. Phoenix House. THE WALDEN HOUSE DAY TREATMENT PROGRAM. FamilyLinks and Bridge House. All the sellers are evaluated establishing on the standards developed with the parametric quantities like. like quality of attention. Effectiveness. Performance. entree to care. cost. timelines and direction etc. . However. after detecting the comparative result rating ‘Family links’ was considered as proposed seller to accomplish cost decrease as one of the province bureau programme endOverview Outcomes-Based Evaluation Outcomes rating looks at impacts. benefits. alterations to the clients as a consequence of organization’s plans or attempts during and or after their engagement in the plans. Outcomes evaluation examines these alterations in the short-run. intermediate term and long-run The Approach to Measure Nonprofit Organizations There are assorted attacks to measure not-for-profits. We will write a custom essay sample on Outcome Evaluation Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such attacks include self appraisal every bit good as outside ratings. Sate bureaus consider both attacks while measuring the sellers. Nonprofit organisations normally observe self-assessment to see how their boards or executive managers fulfill their duties or to re-examine their mission. Sing self-assessment of their plans. the not-for-profits have focus on outcome rating to larn how their plans have made impacts on plan participants and/or the society they serve. It is critical for not-for-profits to cognize how they are making instead than what they do or did. However the province governments decide which not-for-profits would be awarded. establishing on their self-evaluation as their comparative rating of all the appliers. In this sense. such grant presenting have an component of rating that aid nonprofit organisations to offer better services in their plan execution. Purpose of the Memo: The intent of the current memoranda is to offer rating of bing drug maltreatment service centre sellers who have applied for the new financess. Problem Statement The province bureau is looking to take down the fiscal support for the current grant and is looking for a cost effectual seller who can present the services harmonizing to the newprogramme guidelines. The intent ofresults ratingis to: Scope of services to be performed The rating is to find the extent to which the bing sellers have met the ends and to place the capableness to accomplish new ends. The rating is non intended to be a research undertaking. Outcomes ( or client/customer impacts ) and Performance Measures ( that can be measured as indexs toward the results ) Evaluation The province bureau is looking for selective catching with a service supplier who providesservice in conformity within an agreed- upon system of direction controls ; and provider payment mechanisms which encourage cost containment and may affect some grade of fiscal hazard sharing ( e. g. . capitation agreements. discounted payment agendas ) . For this. the province bureau intends for a systematic aggregation of information about the development. acquisition and bettering aims of the undertaking. This rating involves measuring undertaking planning. undertaking execution. and project results of different sellers. By and large the rating consists of two parts: The cardinal constituents intended to utilize in Outcomes Evaluation For the current rating the province bureau has considered the following basic constituents of different sellers. Outcomes evaluation expressions at plans as systems that have inputs. activities/processes. end products and results. So this system’s position is observed in the current context. Input signals– These are stuffs and resources that the seller plan uses in its activities. or processes. to function clients. eg. equipment. staff. voluntaries. installations. money. etc.Activities– These are the activities. or processes. that the plan undertakes with/to the client in order to run into the clients’ needs. for illustration. learning. reding. sheltering. eating. vesture. etc. End products– These are the units of service sing vendor plan. for illustration. the figure of people taught. counseled. sheltered. fed. clothed. etc. The figure of clients served. books published. etc. . really frequently indicates nil at all about the existent impacts/benefits/changes in the clients who went through the plan — the figure of clients served simply indicates the numerical figure of clients who went through the plan. Results– These are existent impacts/benefits/changes for participants during or after the seller planFor illustration. for a smoke surcease plan. an result might be â€Å"participants discontinue smoking† .-These alterations. or results. are normally expressed in footings of:-knowledge and accomplishments ( these are frequently considered to be instead short-run results )-behaviors ( these are frequently considered to be instead intermediate-term results )-values. conditions and position ( these are largely long-run results ) Outcome marks– These are the figure and per centum of participants that the seller want to accomplish the result. for illustration. an outcome end of 2. 000 teens to discontinue smoke over the following twelvemonth Result indexs– These are discernible and mensurable â€Å"milestones† towards an result mark. These are the touchable things to bespeak that the seller is doing the advancement toward the result mark. For illustration. the figure and per centum of adolescent participants who quit smoking right after the plan and six months after the plan — these indexs will move as inputs to calculate on whether 2. 000 teens will discontinue or non over the following twelvemonth from finishing your plan. Background Service Description The drug maltreatment and substance maltreatment intervention centres are meant for rehabilitation. Assorted types of services are available to the sick person runing from short term reding. long-run inmate attention and some signifier of community-based theoretical accounts. Day intervention attacks besides include caring for aged and handicapped individuals. adult day-care plans. And in recent old ages the Day intervention attacks are being applied extensively in the intervention of intoxicant maltreatment along with traditional inmate and outpatient plans. The wellness services provided under Day care intervention are as follows: Treatment Plan Treatment is a structured procedure of activities designed to minimise or collar the harmful effects of intoxicant and/or other drug abuse and/or dependence thereby bettering the individual’s physical. psychological and societal degree of working. in the context of maltreatment and/or dependence Degree of attention in Pre-Treatment Servicess to persons at hazard of developing substance maltreatment related jobs but may or may non run into the diagnostic standards for maltreatment or dependance. Servicess within this degree may be provided to household members and important others Outpatient A: Non-Intensive Outpatient: Regularly scheduled ongoing or intermittent curative Sessionss of low strength with less intervention continuance Bacillus: Intensive Outpatient: Structured single and group activities for a lower limit of 8 hours/week and three yearss a hebdomad. Degree centigrades: Day Treatment: Integrated and structured curative activities dwelling of organized and ongoing intervention services in a professionally supervised plan. Residential A: Non-Medical Community Residential Treatment- means a twenty-four-hour rehabilitation installation. without twenty-four-hour-per-day medical/nursing monitoring. where a planned plan of professionally directed rating. attention and intervention for the Restoration of working for individuals with intoxicant and other drug jobs and/or dependences. Bacillus: Medical Community Residential Treatment- means a twenty-four-hour rehabilitation installation. with twenty-four-hour-a-day medical/nursing monitoring. where a planned plan of professionally directed rating. attention and intervention for the Restoration of working for individuals with intoxicant and other drug jobs and/or dependence occurs. Detoxification A: Ambulatory Detoxification: Servicess to persons with mild to chair symptoms of backdown. supervised by a doctor. Residential. halfway house of outpatient enfranchisement is required. Bacillus: Sub-Acute Detoxification: Detoxification services provided with 24-hour medical monitoring. Degree centigrades: Acute Hospital Detoxification – Assessment rating of each person to find the nature and extent of his or her dependence to alcohol and other drugs. – Case Management activities to supply aid and support to persons and groups in deriving entree to needed medical. societal. educational and other services indispensable to run intoing basic human demands. Case direction services may include interactions with household members. important others and/or other persons or entities. -Crisis Intervention through a face-to-face or over the telephone response to a crisis or exigency state of affairs experienced by a client. household member or important other. – Family Counseling Sessionss with persons and their households under the counsel of a counsellor to turn to household relationship issues related to intoxicants and other drug maltreatment. – Family Counseling may be provided to household members and important others. – Medical Somatic services or medicine disposal services or distributing of medicines in an intoxicant and other drug intervention plan. – Toxicology Screening of specimens like piss. hair. unwritten fluids to observe the presence of intoxicant and other drugs. – Referral and Information to ask from people about services provided by the plan. services provided to other wellness attention organisations and reaching another wellness attention organisation supplier to obtain services for an person. – Child Care- Care of kids of persons having intervention during the intervention period. – Outreach to the mark population within their environment. The intent of this attack is to forestall and/or reference issues and jobs as they relate to the maltreatment of intoxicant and other drugs. – Education that is focused on assisting the single addition his or her consciousness and cognition of the nature. extent and harmful effects of intoxicant and other drug dependence. Educational services may include persons and groups and consist of talks. pictures or structured treatment Sessionss. – Treatment Intervention- These should be structured. solution-focused procedure that consists of a group of household members. important others. among others ( colleagues. co-workers. etc ) who come together to show their observations and concerns sing an addict’s behaviour. – Meals to persons take parting in a intervention plan. Features that are observed under Outcome Evaluation: Cardinal features of managed Day care plans include a wide scope of organisational and funding characteristics. including the followers: ( cubic decimeter ) Benefit program features ( e. g. . types of patient populations. figure and type of allowed services. usage of co-payments and deductibles ) ; ( 2 ) Use of incorporate and carve out direction systems ; ( 3 ) Wide variableness in the types and mix of intoxicant intervention services provided ; ( 4 ) Systems of supplier enlisting. choice. and monitoring ; ( 5 ) Systems of organisational direction. instance direction and quality confidence. including organisational and clinical decision-making theoretical accounts. usage of clinical guidelines and protocols. supplier credentialing demands. staffing features. ( e. g. . staffingmix. squad theoretical accounts ) . usage of public presentation tracking systems ( e. g. . study cards. supplier and consumer satisfaction studies ) ; and ( 6 ) Financing mechanisms that incorporate inducements to restrict measure and cost of attention. including risk-sharing agreements. deductibles. co-payments. capitation. etc. Description ofOrganizations in consideration: In the 110 old ages of supplying services to the community. the name Volunteers of America Oregon has become synonymous with compassion and attention. The organisation has earned repute through dedication and indefatigable committedness to assisting persons and households create safer. healthier. and more stable life styles. The services are catered to risky young person to victims of domestic force. from the retrieving nut to the frail elderly. the organisation provide a scope of supportive and authorising services to the vulnerable populations to work with them and to reconstruct whole lives to make their full potency. Apart from the assorted outstanding services like Children A ; Family Services and Senior Services. the Rehabilitation Services include. Alcohol A ; Drug Outreach. Community Detention Monitoring. Community Partners Reinvestment. Day Treatment Program. Integrated Family Services. Men’s Residential Center. Rearing Program. Portland Partners Re-entry and Women’s Residential Center The result of FY 2006-2007 Highlights and Results depicts the Community Partners Reinvestment Project consequences as under: Phoenix House is one of the nation’s taking non-profit substance maltreatment bar and intervention service organisations. Phoenix House serves more than 7. 000 work forces. adult females ( including adult females with kids ) and teens each twenty-four hours at more than 120 drug and intoxicant intervention and bar plans in nine provinces – California. Florida. Maine. Massachusetts. New Hampshire. New York. Rhode Island. Texas. Vermont. The drug and intoxicant intervention plans include: Phoenix Academies. our residential high schools for teens in intervention for drug and intoxicant maltreatment ; Long and short-run residential drug intervention centres for grownups: Intensive outpatient and twenty-four hours plans ; after-school plans for teens ; plans for female parents with little kids ; recovery abodes ; and plans for the mentally ill. for stateless individuals. and for drug and intoxicant maltreaters in prisons. For 40 old ages. Phoenix House has been constructing a intervention and bar system that now serves more than 7. 000 individuals each twenty-four hours at more than 120 plans in nine provinces. Seeking to assist the most vulnerable among us. the organisation has since 1967. made it possible for more than 150. 000 persons to alter their lives. During FY ’04-05. there was continued strengthening of the Foundation fundss. as net assets rose by $ 7. 9 million to $ 51. 1 million. due in big step to donor pledges for Campaign Phoenix House. but reflecting every bit good exceeding net incomes of invested assets. Although entire runing grosss increased somewhat. from $ 101 million to $ 102 million. there was a fringy diminution in authorities contract gross. while grants and parts. client fees. and third-party payments all rose. as did investing income applied to operations. Expenses for the financial twelvemonth totaled $ 101. 5 million. with 81. 5 % for direct attention and services and the balance for direction. general disbursals. and fund-raising. The addition in net assets includes $ 3 million â€Å"temporarily restricted. † stand foring sworn parts that will be realized in three to five old ages. It besides includes $ 2 million in net assets that are â€Å"permanently restricted† for gift. Investment grosss of $ 2. 3 million reflected a return on investings of 18 per centum. The board designated an sum equal to 5 per centum of invested assets—some $ 700. 000—to be used for operations. with the balance increasing the Foundation’s sum unrestricted assets. ( Phoenix ) â€Å"Walden House is a non-profit-making community-based organisation with a 38 old ages experience in handling substance-abusing persons in San Francisco. The chief doctrine is that of the residential TC. which relies on the â€Å"family concept† to make a supportive curative environment. Treatment schemes are designed to assist clients get rid of drug-related behaviours. and to larn subject. autonomy and consciousness. Since its origin as a traditional residential TC. Walden House has expanded plans and added new constituents in response to altering community demands. Originally. Walden House sought to turn to increasing demands for intervention by making a preadmission plan for persons waiting to come in residential intervention. In the preadmission plan. clients were given minimum intervention. and were expected to look into in as a presentation of their committedness to intervention. In 1990. with the support of a NIDA ( National Institute on Drug Abuse ) intervention presentation grant. Walden House expanded the preadmission plan into a separate twenty-four hours intervention plan. In developing the twenty-four hours intervention plan. Walden House staff adapted the basic elements of the residential TC to an intensive outpatient puting where clients received intervention on a day-to-day footing but returned to their places in the community every evening† ( Joseph A ; et Al. . ) FamilyLinks is a non-profit societal service bureau that provides mental wellness and mental deceleration plans. young person and household development plans. grownup community services. intoxicant and other drug intervention. and school-based bar services to kids. households and persons throughout southwesterly Pennsylvania. In 2006-2007. the organisation has launched a biennial run to convey all of their activities under an electronic Clinical Management System. which applies information engineering tools to bettering client service. streamlining record-keeping. and organizing attention among all FamilyLinks activities. Bridge House accepts males aged 18 and over who are able to acknowledge to holding substance maltreatment jobs and are seeking aid. It is recommended that the mean occupant who comes to Bridge House for intervention remain at least a twelvemonth. The Bridge House intervention plan. which is based on the disease construct of dependence. is intensive and extremely structured. Residents reside in a residence hall scene and advancement through several stages of intervention: stabilisation. primary. independent life and go oning attention. As a occupant enters the Bridge House plan he participates in a Stabilization period during which he is provided with an chance to go familiar with the day-to-day modus operandis of Bridge House. The new occupant participates in an debut to recovery through groups and pictures presented throughout the twenty-four hours. As a occupant moves into primary attention. an individualised intervention program is created to supply the occupant with the appropriate accomplishments to ease his ability to develop the wonts of recovery and advance positive alterations and growing in recovery. At this clip a occupant begins to pay a resident service fee. He will show his ability to budget his money in readying for his re-entry into mainstream society every bit good as his ability to keep a plan of recovery. He continues to go to curative groups and vocational rehabilitation guidance. A go oning attention plan of aftercare activities and meetings are in topographic point for those close to completion and to those who have graduated from the Bridge House intervention plan. Parameters for rating:The result rating of the above five sellers was conducted establishing on the undermentioned parametric quantities.Entree to Care:The present rating observes the undermentioned facets: How is entree to care defined. measured. and evaluated with each attention plan. How make different care agreements impact entree to alcohol intervention. Is at that place a differential impact for different subgroups ( e. g. . adult females. the hapless ) or across different types of intervention modes ( e. g. . inmate. detox. outpatient ) ? How is entree restricted ( e. g. . denial of petitions for attention ) or expanded ( e. g. . broader geographic web of outpatient services ) ?Use of Servicess:The rating includes the results derived from the undermentioned facets: How are client use rates measured and evaluated by different managed attention plans? What types of use reappraisal standards and processs are utilised. and what is their impact on use of intoxicant services? What is the impact of differentmanaged attention agreements. peculiarly financing agreements. on use of intoxicant services? Are at that place differential impacts among subgroups and across different intervention modes? What are the administrative costs associated with use reappraisal and what is the impact of different systems of utilization reappraisal on providermorale. on intervention procedure. and on result?Quality of Care:Quality of attention is observed under the undermentioned facets: Here the rating includes the results derived from the undermentioned facets: How is quality of attention measured and evaluated by different managed attention plans? How are structural quality controls ( e. g. . staff/client ratios. supplier enfranchisement. staff credentialing. instance direction protocols. etc. ) determined and implemented? Whatare the intervention protocols that are utilised. and to what extent do these protocols address the chronic. repeating nature of intoxicant upsets? Costss:The cost results observed here are: How are costs for intoxicant services defined and computed across different managed attention plans? How much make different types ofmanaged attention plans cut down intoxicant intervention costs. including entire. per episode. day-to-day. patient. practician. and supplier costs? To what extent do managed attention systems result in decreases of other medical or societal costs? Are at that place differences in short term vs. long term cost nest eggs? Do cost nest eggs differ across different patient population groups ( e. g. . low income. elderly ) ? How make plan profit construction and administrative factors affect cost ( e. g. . exclusion of high hazard patients. limitations on sum of services ) ?Effectiveness:How is intervention effectivity defined and operationalized by different managed attention systems? How is intervention effectivity monitored over clip? How do different systems of clinical decision-making and instance direction aff ect intervention outcomes? What is the impact of different systems of service bringing ( e. g. . integrated vs. carve out theoretical accounts. usage of EAP plans ) on the effectivity of intervention? Do managed attention plans improve cost-benefits and cost-effectiveness of intoxicant and intervention plans? What incentives do suppliers and managed attention organisations have to better effectivity? Evaluation matrix The above 5 sellers are rated in the peculiar sequence Rating graduated table for the above administrations were given as follows: 1-Did non run into committedness 2-Met minimal demands. significant betterments desirable 3-Met demands 4-Exceeded demands Indicator Measurement Matrix Note: Analysis The province bureau analyses that it can accomplish cost effectivity which is its premier purpose in its result rating through a seller who has non merely exhibited excess ordinary public presentation but besides excess ordinary cost decrease. From the above measuring matrix it is apparent that ‘Familyu links’ has achieved a significance cost instruction than the staying sellers. Though Phoenix exhibits an accretion of financess from the militias that are available to the current plan. the organisation has no program in cost decrease that is available for acceptance during the current programme. On the other manus Family links has shifted its procedure from manual to computerized procedure. where by it can turn out the increased efficiency of work force and reduced new hire and HR costs. Therefore Family links can be proposed as a considerable seller for cost effectual plan execution for drug and maltreatment substance intervention. Mentions Annual Report | 2005. In Support of Phoenix House. Retrieved February 8. 2000. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. phoenixhouse. org/index. hypertext markup language Bridgehouse intervention plan Retrieved February 8. 2000. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bridgehouse. org/07treatment. htm FamilyLinks. M o V I n g F o R tungsten a R vitamin D. 2 0 0 6 – 0 7 A n N u a cubic decimeter R vitamin E P O R t. Retrieved February 8. 2000. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. familylinks. org/pdf/FamilyLinksAR07. pdf Joseph Guydish. David Werdegar. Barbara Tajima. Marilyn Price. Alfonso Acampora. Clients come ining drug maltreatment twenty-four hours intervention: 18-month results. hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0978/is_n1_v23/ai_19182048 MANAGED CARE AND ALCOHOL TREATMENT SERVICES. Retrieved February 8. 2000. from grants. National Institutes of Health. gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-AA-96-001. hypertext markup language – 30k – Volunteers America. Service. Retrieved February 8. 2000. from hypertext transfer protocol: //72. 32. 194. 107/portals/34/agency2006. pdf

Adventures of Huck Finn essays

Adventures of Huck Finn essays 1. In the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck Finn was the main character. The story was told through his eyes, and most of the events that took place happened around him. But some of these events would not have happened without other main characters as well, like Jim, Tom Sawyer, the King, or the Duke. Hucks personality at the start of the novel had changed gradually throughout the novel and until the end. At first, Miss Watson tried to make him pray for things but Huck did not believe in praying because it brought him bad luck. Later in the novel, Huck tries to pray for forgiveness and wants to erase his sin for stealing a nigger. After he prays, he feels he can pray openly now and will not sin anymore (CH. 31). Huck was also superstitious and believed that everything that went wrong was because of certain things he did, like the snake in Jims blanket. And everything was blamed on the bad luck Huck and Jim had. Huck also became kind, especially after the quarrel with his father, pap. He learned that in order to get along with people (like the king and duke), you have to let them have their way, and Huck did. Jim, at first, was looked upon as just an ordinary nigger. But Huck and Tom soon realized that he was very smart and had helped Huck through most of his adventures. But as a nigger, Jim was looked up to as a hero to other niggers. For instance, Huck tells the reader when niggers from all over the country came to see Jim and hear of his heroic stories and every nigger wanted to be like Jim. Jim was also very superstitious, especially in chapter eight when Jim talks about all of his superstitions, like counting the things for dinner and telling the bees that their owner had just died. All of this supposedly brought bad luck. Tom Sawyer was also a very influential character to the story. He was the one who came up with all the solutions for things, which eventually made m...

Learn About the French Verb Faillir

Learn About the French Verb Faillir Faillir is a very interesting and useful French verb. It is irregular in conjugation and does not have an English equivalent; the simplest translation is to almost do something.​ Faillir is usually followed by an infinitive and can be translated by to almost do something, to all but do something, to very nearly do something, or to narrowly miss doing something. Faillir is most commonly used in the past: Jai failli tomber. - I almost fell.Nous avons failli rater le train. - We very nearly missed the train.Il a failli dire  « non  » avant dy rà ©flà ©chir.  - He almost said no before thinking about it. Faillir Faillir is followed by a noun and means to fail in/at or to fail to keep: Jai failli ma mission. - I failed in my mission.Il a failli sa parole. - He failed to keep his word. Expressions with Faillir faillir la tradition - to break with traditionne pas faillir sa parole - to keep / be true to ones wordne pas faillir sa rà ©putation - to live up to ones reputationrà ©sister jusquau bout sans faillir - to resist unflinchingly to the end Conjugations Though this verb has conjugations in all the tenses, faillir is used almost exclusively in the past (passà © composà ©, passà © simple, and plus-que-parfait), so the past participle failli is the most important form for you to know. To talk about nearly doing something in another tense, manquer de is preferable (though the meaning is subtly different). Note that il faut is the third person singular present tense of both faillir and the impersonal verb falloir.

Neither human beings nor their bodies should be commodities that can Essay

Neither human beings nor their bodies should be commodities that can be traded on the market. Discuss this question - Essay Example Human trafficking and sale of body organs are classified into different categories of trade of human beings and their bodies. One of the categories that can be outlined in sale of human body is kidney transplant or any transplant that can lead to deliverance of human life as it would lead to change in his health condition. This king of trade on human bodies is regarded fair by many people but there are still a number of people who believe that the practice is abhorrent and should be prohibited. Although the society harbors the aversion to activities conducted on corpse, it encourages and tolerates especially through legalization the transplant activities and forensic postmortems (Price, 2000, p. 32). The other kind of human trafficking and sale of human parts involves sale of certain body parts illegally or trading people for slaves where they are taken for hard labor, discrimination and sexual manipulation. This kind of human trade is unacceptable to many people and thus it is disre garded all over the world. The experts who participate in the transplant operations advice people to judge the two activities with sense of ethical measures. The element of choice is essential. However, when making choices, one must consider moral, humanitarian and social purpose of the choice and law (Gallagher, 2012, p. 7). For instance, sale of human bodies for other purpose like witchcraft, sexual activities, child labor, and other forms of discrimination should not be treated as sale of human organs or donation for transplant. One form of human trafficking that leads to discrimination on human beings is slavery and sexual manipulation. Discrimination can be described as unequal or unjust treatment of individuals or groups of people based on their human attributes. Discrimination may be differential treatment or disparate impact. This is witnessed where people are captured or

Primary and secondary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Essay

Primary and secondary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Essay Example transformation from a less fatal disease to a fatal disease with less chance for survival. So, it is important to go through the histopathological changes taking place in the lung related to primary and secondary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Primary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis mainly affects human respiratory system (lungs). Besides, the main symptoms of this infection are similar to other common diseases and the real problem gets unnoticed. Anderson et al. (2014, p. 1713) state that ‘Since the symptoms and signs of childhood tuberculosis are seen in a range of other conditions, clinical diagnosis is unreliable’. As the initial infection or Primary TB is seen among children, the infection may affect their immunity and may lead to other diseases in general. One can see that vaccination is not effective for this infection because it spreads through air and direct contact with the infected person. So, the best possible treatment for primary infection is to diagnose the same and to provide proper medical treatment. Warner & Mizrahi (2014, p. 1642) state that ‘In the absence of a vaccine to provide long-term protection, control of drug-susceptible tuberculosis is largely dependent on a standa rd 6-month chemotherapy regimen that has been in use for more than three decades’. In addition, proper medical treatment can cure this infection because modern medicine proves to be effective while dealing with the same. From a different angle of view, treatment for primary infection can hinder the rapid spread of secondary infection because. Sterling et al. (2011, p.2156) state that ‘More than 2 billion persons are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and from this reservoir active tuberculosis will develop in millions of persons in coming decades.’ For instance, medical treatment can hinder the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from person to person and can save millions of people. Nowadays, treatment for this disease is

The political and religious crises of the sixteenth and early Essay

The political and religious crises of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, with fears, wars, and rebellions, led philo - Essay Example At the same time, religious control over the people was slipping as more and more of the populace learned to read and as the printing press made things such as translations of the Bible readily available. This caused individuals such as Martin Luther to question what he was taught by a Catholic Church that was suffering from internal schisms in their hierarchy. The political and religious crises of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, with their many fears, wars, and rebellions, led philosophers and rulers to consider alternatives to what they considered the insecure and chaotic institutional structures of the day. One such alternative was Absolutism. Absolutism is a political structure in which the power of the monarch is so complete that there are not any other institutions that can interfere in their rulings (Kimmel). Where the powers of today's kings are limited by their legislatures and the kings of the 19th century were increasingly limited by their social elite, the kings in the 16th and 17th centuries enjoyed the kind of power depicted by the Red Queen in Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland - capable of ordering the execution of an individual for no other reason than they decided that person should die.

Comparison of Normal Saline and Heparin Flush

Comparison of Normal Saline and Heparin Flush Review of literature is an essential component of the research process. It aids the researcher in the formulation of the research plan or proposal and condition of the study. It aids in relating the outcomes of the study to the findings of other investigations Review of literature is defined as a critical summary of research on a topic of interest, often prepared to put a research problem in contest (Polit and Beck, 2006). The current study and review of various associated literature and review study, topics can divide as follows; Section A: Literature related to comparison of normal saline and heparin flush  to maintain the patency of intravenous line. Section B: Literature related to cost effectiveness of normal saline flush in  maintenance of peripheral intravenous catheter. Section C: Literature related to complications of using heparin solution for  maintaining patency. Section A: Literature Related to Comparison of Normal Saline and Heparin Flush to Maintain the Patency of Intravenous Line. Elsevier (2009) did a randomized double blind controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of normal saline versus heparin saline in maintaining the patency of intravenous catheter among 150 children of pediatric unit at United States. In that, Group I received normal saline flush (n=77) whereas Group II received heparin saline flush (n=73). The result showed that 72% of children were recovered from blockage during normal saline flush. Thus researcher concluded that the normal saline flush was effective in maintaining the patency of intravenous catheter. Klieiber (2008) conducted prospective, randomized double blind study to determine the efficacy of saline versus heparin flush to maintain the peripheral intravenous lock in pediatric populations among 140 children. The sample was selected randomly into two groups. Group I received normal saline flush whereas Group II children flushed with heparinized saline. The findings revealed that there was no significant difference between the groups in maintaining the patency of catheter and reduces incidence of complications. A randomized controlled double-blind trial was conducted by Esther Mok, Tany KWong (2007) for maintaining peripheral intravenous lock among 123 children of age from one to ten years. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of three flush solutions: normal saline, one unit/ml of heparin saline and ten units/ml of heparin saline for maintaining peripheral intravenous locks in children, and to establish a research-based practice in the study hospital. Group I received one unit/ml of heparin saline, Group II received ten units/ml of heparin saline and Group III received normal saline. The group that received one ml of normal saline demonstrated the highest rate of survival and the mean length of catheter showed (49.8 hours) was seventeen hours longer than the group that received one unit/ml of heparin saline (32.5 hours). The result showed that there was no significant difference among the three types of flushing solution in terms of the catheter longevi ty and incidence of intravenous complications. A study was conducted by Visanu Thamlikitkul Artit Indranoi (2006) on switching from heparinized saline flush to normal saline flush for maintaining peripheral venous catheter patency in the patients hospitalized to medical ward at Sir raj Hospital, Thailand. The study sites were ten medical wards containing two hundred and forty beds. Group I received heparinized saline as a flushing agent whereas Group II received normal saline as a flushing agent. The information on using flush fluids was collected from the physicians order sheets in the medical records at baseline, every two to four weeks during the intervention periods, and at six months after launching intervention. The results showed that the children received heparinized saline flush in February 2005, switched on to a practice with normal saline flush in June and November 2005. Hence the researcher concluded that normal saline was effective and implemented as evidence based clinical practice. Janet Pettit (2003) performed a randomized double blind study to identify the efficacy of saline versus heparin flush to maintain the peripheral intravenous lock in pediatric populations among 124 infants over twenty eight days of age in pediatric ICU at Doctors Medical Centre, Modeto. The findings revealed that saline flush had longer period of patency. Thus the researcher concluded that saline was efficacious and safest flush in maintaining the peripheral intravenous catheter. Nelson (2002) conducted a randomized double blind study to assess the use of 0.9% normal saline flush with or without heparin for maintaining peripheral indwelling intermittent infusion devices among fifty eight children up to one year with twenty four gauge needle. Group I received ten units per ml of heparin solution (n=26) and Group II received 0.9% normal saline flush (n=32). The result showed that there was no significance between 0.9% normal saline flush with or without heparin solutions in maintaining patency of twenty four gauge peripheral intermittent intravenous devices in children younger than one year. Schultz, Drew Hewitt (2002) investigated a randomized double blind study on comparison of normal saline and heparinized saline flushes for patency of intravenous locks among forty nine neonates at Maine Medical Center, Portland. The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of patency of intravenous locks maintained with normal saline solution compared with heparinized saline solution. Group I received 0.5 ml of heparinized saline flush containing two units/ml of heparin (n=20) whereas Group II received 0.5 ml of normal saline flush (n=29). There were no significant difference (p =0.841) between mean scores for heparin flushed catheters (M = 41.5 hours, SD = 44.0) and saline-flushed catheters (M = 30.4 hours, SD = 20.8). The researcher concluded that catheter failure was significantly longer for catheters flushed with heparinized saline compared with those flushed with normal saline. A study was conducted by Harahan Berends (2000) to evaluate the efficacy of saline versus ten units/ml heparin for peripheral intravenous flushes among 240 neonates of Special Care Nurseries at a Level III Large Mid Western University Teaching Hospital. Here an experimental group design was used to compare the longevity of heparin and saline intravenous locks. Data were collected from a convenient sampling technique. Group I received ten units per ml of heparin (n=123) whereas Group II received preservative-free normal saline solution (n=117). The result showed that there was no significant statistical difference in intravenous catheter longevity between intravenous locks flushed with ten units/ml heparin and those flushed with normal saline. Krista Brown, Tay-Uyboco Douglas McMillan (1999) did a randomized controlled trial to determine the relative efficacy and safety of peripheral intravenous locks maintained with heparin saline solutions compared with those maintained with normal saline among 186 neonates at Foot Hills Hospital, Calgary, Alberta. Group I received normal saline (n=93) whereas Group II received heparin saline (n=93). Patients were chosen to receive either heparinized saline with five units/ml or 0.3 ml of normal saline, in the intravenous catheter every six hourly, administered by nursing staff in a blinded manner. The result showed that there was no difference in catheter lifespan (39 ±24 hour for the heparinized saline group; 34 ±22 hour for the normal saline group) and no difference in the number of intravenous catheters per patient (1.9 heparinized group, 1.6 normal saline group). The researcher concluded that there was no difference between heparinized normal saline and normal saline flush in neonates in maintaining the patency of twenty four gauge peripheral intravenous locks. Heilskov, Kleiber Johnson (1998) did a randomized double blind controlled 3-arm trial of heparin and saline for maintaining intravenous locks among ninety neonates at University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, USA. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of saline, heparin two units (U) per ml saline, and heparin ten units per ml saline flush solutions on the duration of intravenous locks and the incidence of intravenous infiltration in neonates. Group I received heparin two units/ml saline (n=27), Group II received heparin ten units/ml saline flush (n=28) and Group III received normal saline (n=25). Catheter flushed at least every six hourly. The outcome measures total hours from the time the intravenous was inserted to the time the intravenous was removed; hours from the time the intravenous was first flushed to the time the intravenous was removed; number of intravenous removed because of infiltration. The result showed that there was no statistical or clinical dif ference between the three groups for duration of intravenous therapy or for incidence of complications. Bridget Mudge, Dion Forcsier Mary Jo Slattery (1998) conducted a comparative study on heparin and saline flush solutions regarding patency of 24-gauge peripheral intermittent infusion devices. A prospective, non-randomized, sequential, blinded study design was conducted on a pediatric and a neonatal were similar for age, peripheral intermittent intravenous devices (PIID) placement site, irritating substances infused, and initial IV function. The median duration of catheters flushed with normal saline was 42 hours and with heparin was 35.3 hours. Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis indicated that the duration of catheters flushed with saline was significantly longer than those flushed with heparin (p = .02). More catheters flushed with heparin were removed because of problems (p = .027). Results of this study suggested that normal saline was more effective than heparin in maintaining the patency of small, 24-gauge catheter. Kotter (1996) conducted a randomized double blind study on heparin versus saline to maintain the patency of intermittent intravenous device maintenance among fifty one neonates including premature neonates, less than one month of age admitted to a Level II Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Group I received ten units/ml heparin (n=27), whereas Group II received normal saline flush (n=24). Catheter was flushed every fourth hourly with heparin or normal saline solutions. The researcher concluded that there was no statistically significant difference in average duration of patency between normal saline-flushed catheters and heparinized saline-flushed catheters. Phlebitis, occlusion, infiltration, and leaking occurred with equal frequency for both solutions. Kulkarni, Elsner, Ouellet Zeldin (1994) investigated a randomized double blind study on heparinized saline versus normal saline in maintaining patency of the radial artery catheter among seventy eight adults in the surgical intensive care unit of Toronto East General Orthopedic Hospital. The objective of the study was to compare the ability of normal saline versus heparinized saline infusion to maintain patency of the radial artery catheter used for monitoring blood pressure or multiple blood sampling. Group I (n=40) patients those who were admitted on odd numbered dates received heparinized saline two units per ml and Group II (n=38) admitted on even dates received normal saline, both as continuous flush solutions. At 96 hours of cannulation, 92% of the catheters in the heparinized saline group were patent compared with 74% in the normal saline group. The result showed that there was no significant difference between flushing with normal saline and heparinized saline in the mainte nance of radial arterial line patency. A comparative randomized controlled trial was conducted by Robertson (1994) on the intermittent intravenous therapy to determine whether heparinized saline solution was a superior flushing agent to normal saline among152 children between the ages of two months to eighteen years. Group I were allocated with heparinized saline as a flushing agent, and Group II were allocated with normal saline as a flushing agent. Each day intravenous sites were examined for signs of phlebitis and on removal of each cannula was flushed to check for fibrin. On Chi-square testing, highly significant associations emerged between the incidence of phlebitis and the use of the intravenous antibiotics such as Tobramycin (p=0.05) andor Timentin (p=0.008). Young children were found to have a significantly higher incidence of blocked cannulae regardless of the flushing solution used. The researcher concluded that there was no significant difference detected in either the duration of intravenous therapy, the pate ncy of the intravenous line or the incidence of phlebitis when normal saline was used to flush the intravenous cannula. Kleiber, Harahan, Fagan Zittergruen (1993) conducted a double-blind study to determine the efficacy of saline versus heparin flush solution to maintain peripheral intravenous locks in a pediatric population among 124 infants over twenty eight days of age. Group I received normal saline as a flushing agent, whereas Group II received normal saline with heparin as a flushing agent. The result revealed that the heparin and saline groups were comparable for total hour duration of the intravenous and for incidence of complications. Hence the researcher concluded that saline was efficacious in maintaining patency of intermittent intravenous peripheral intravenous locks in children. A comparative study was conducted by Rob, Kelly Trish (1992) on normal saline or heparinized saline flushing on function of arterial lines among sixty-five patients in most New Zealand intensive care units. Group I received normal saline (n=35) where as Group II received three ml/hour as a continuous flush. The scores for the intravascular line for each patient were summed, and the percentage of the total possible score was calculated. Mean study duration was 5.8 and 6.6 days for the normal saline and heparinized saline groups, respectively. Mean percentage scores were 83% with normal saline group and 82% with heparinized saline group. The statistical findings showed that there was no difference between the groups at 95% confidence interval. Thus researcher concluded that heparin as a continuous flush at three units/hour does not improve the function of arterial lines compared with a continuous normal-saline flush. A quasi-experimental study was conducted by Tuten Gueldner (1991) on the efficacy of normal saline versus diluted heparin for maintaining the patency of peripheral intermittent intravenous devices in hospitalized medical-surgical patients among seventy seven children. Group I received normal saline solution, whereas Group II received diluted heparin. The statistical findings revealed that there were no incidence of site loss due to coagulation in either group, moreover no significant difference in the incidence of site loss associated with phlebitis (p=0.708) or infiltration (p=0.910). The researcher concluded that normal saline may be an effective alternative to heparin, for maintaining the patency of peripheral intermittent intravenous devices. Ashton, Gibson Summers (1990) conducted a randomized double-blind study on the effects of heparin versus saline solution on intermittent infusion device irrigation at Shawnee Mission Medical Center among thirty two patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of one ml of 0.9% normal saline with ten units of heparin in one ml normal saline solution, in maintaining patency and reducing the incidence of phlebitis in patients with intermittent infusion devices. The statistical findings revealed that there was no significant difference between the groups in phlebitis or patency variables. The researcher suggested that 0.9% normal saline was as effective as ten units per ml of heparin in normal saline solution in maintaining intermittent infusion device patency and preventing phlebitis. Hamilton, Plis, Clay Sylvan (1988) conducted a randomized double-blind study on heparin saline versus 0.9% normal saline injection for maintaining patency of indwelling intermittent infusion devices in the Department of Pharmacy practice, Albany College among 307 adult patients. Group I received one ml of heparin saline as a flushing solution (n=170), whereas Group II received 0.9% normal saline flush solution (n=137). The result revealed that heparin offers no advantage over 0.9% normal saline injection in maintaining the patency of intermittent intravenous devices. The researcher concluded that there was no significant difference in the duration of catheter patency or incidence of phlebitis was observed between the groups. Epperson (1984) did a randomized study on the efficacy of 0.9% normal saline with and without heparin for maintaining indwelling intermittent injection sites in the medical and surgical units of an acute-care hospital among 412 patients. Three different solutions were used to flush intravenous catheters. Group I were flushed with 0.9% normal saline alone, Group II were flushed with heparin 10 units/ml in 0.9% normal saline and group III were flushed with heparin 100 units/ml in 0.9% normal saline. Heparin locks were flushed after each medication administration and every eight hours when medications were not being given. Using a standardized evaluation form, one of five intravenous therapists evaluated each site daily for the presence of phlebitis and loss of patency. Length of catheter placement and the percentage of patient days during which patients received cephalosporin and penicillin antibiotics were examined for each group. Rates of site loss caused by phlebitis or loss of pate ncy were compared in each group. The result showed that there was no significant differences were found among the three groups in the mean duration of heparin-lock placement, the percentage of patient days during which antibiotics were prescribed, or the rate of site loss caused by phlebitis or loss of patency. Section B: Literature Related to Cost Effectiveness of Normal Saline in Maintenance of Peripheral Intravenous Catheter. Hephzibah Alexander (International Journal for the Advancement of Science Arts, 2010) conducted a systematic review of the study on heparin versus normal saline as a flush solution. The electronic database of Ovid, Pub-Med, the Cochrane Library and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) was searched for heparin or normal saline (either singly or in combinations). Relevant studies were critically appraised and evidence obtained was graded according to the modified Catalan Agency for Health Technology Assessment scale (CAHTA). In terms of safety, the findings indicate that it might be safer to use normal saline as it does not have the risks associated with heparin. Cost analysis studies proved that without any doubt the use of normal saline flush results in a significant amount of cost savings. For arterial catheters, majority of the available data suggest that heparin saline given as a continuous flush at low doses improved catheter patency. The result of the study reveal ed that normal saline should be used as an alternative to heparin in intravenous catheters. Low-dose heparin with 0.25 units per ml normal saline should be added to the infuscate to maintain patency of arterial catheters. The researcher concluded that heparin as an intermittent flush was ineffective and normal saline was just as effective as and more efficacious than heparin. Karen Le Duce (1997) investigated a prospective, randomized, double blind controlled trial on the efficacy of normal saline solution versus heparin solution for maintaining patency of peripheral intravenous catheters in children at the emergency department of childrens hospital, USA among 150 children. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of heparin flush and saline solution flush solutions in maintaining patency of infusion devices in the pediatric population, and to establish cost-saving implications related to normal saline solution versus heparin flush for PIIDs in terms of pharmacy costs and costs related to nursing time to both procedures. Group I (n = 77) received 3 ml of a ten units heparin/ml normal saline solution intravenous flush whereas Group II (n = 73) received three ml of normal saline solution for the intravenous flush. Descriptive and correlation statistics were used to analyze the data. The result showed that there were no significant differences between the two groups for demographics or complications. Annual cost savings were computed with an estimated annual savings of nursing time and unit cost of solutions equaling $27,594. The researcher concluded that the normal saline solution should be used as an alternative to heparin solutions for the maintenance of peripheral intravenous devices. Jerri Shoaf Sandra Oliver (1997) did a study on the efficacy of normal saline with and without heparin for maintaining intermittent intravenous site in the coronary care unit of Scott and White Memorial Hospital among two hundred and sixty surgical patients. Group I received normal saline with heparin as a flushing agent, whereas Group II received normal saline without heparin as a flushing agent. The researcher concluded that heparinized saline was not needed to maintain the patency of an intermittent intravenous site, and the use of saline solution alone was less irritating, causes less occurrence of phlebitis, less expensive to patients, and saves nursing time. A randomized comparative study conducted by Paisley et al (1997) on the use of heparin and normal saline flushes in neonatal intravenous catheters among eighty seven preterm and term infants ranging from 33 weeks to 44 weeks of gestation in the University of Missouri-Columbia Childrens Hospital. Data were collected between February 1994 and March 1995. The majority of infants were thirty eight to forty weeks gestation (M = 38.46 weeks, S.D. = 2.48). Group I (n=33) infants received 0.6 ml of heparin solution containing 10 units/ml of heparin and Group II (n=54) received 0.6 ml of normal saline as flushing agent. The frequency of flush was 0.6 ml flush every fourth hourly. The researcher concluded that the normal saline was much cheaper than heparin. Nursing time was saved using a single solution and physician spends time in writing order was saved by standing orders. If only normal saline was used, the chance for error, over dosage, heparin-associated drug incompatibilities and hepari n induced thrombocytopenia would be eliminated. Section C: Literature Related To Complications Of Using Heparin Solution For Maintaining Patency. Mitchell et al (2009) conducted a study on a systematic review of heparin flushing and other interventions to maintain patency of central venous catheters. The objective of this study was to assess clinical studies comparing the effectiveness of different means of maintaining central venous catheter patency. A search was conducted using the MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane, National Guideline Clearinghouse and University Health System Consortium databases. The method was a systematic review of effectiveness using grade criteria to assess the strength of evidence for each intervention. Flushing with heparin was a routine part of central venous catheter maintenance, but it presents risk, including heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Other techniques used to prevent occlusion of catheters include saline flushes, heparin-bonded catheters and pressure caps. The result showed that flushing catheters with saline solution was more effective than flushing with heparin. A study was conducted by Stephens et al (1997) on normal saline versus heparin flush for maintaining central venous catheter patency during aphaeresis collection of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCS) among seventy eight cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of thrombotic occlusions in central venous catheters using heparin compared to saline flushing. Group I (n=29) received saline flushes and Group II (n=49) received heparin with 100 units per ml of saline flushes. Numerous studies comparing heparin to saline flushing in peripheral devices suggested equal rates of thrombotic occlusions. The outcome of the study suggested that serious complications including drug interactions and heparin induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome in association with heparin flushing. The researcher concluded that saline was as effective as heparin for maintaining patency of central venous catheters. Triolo, Pamela Goode (1991) conducted a study on meta-analysis to estimate the effects of heparin flush and saline flush solutions on maintaining patency, preventing phlebitis, and increasing duration in peripheral heparin locks. The researcher concluded that saline was as effective as heparin in maintaining patency, preventing phlebitis, and increasing duration in peripheral intravenous locks. Quality of care can be enhanced by using saline as the flush solution, thereby eliminating problems associated with anticoagulant effects and drug incompatibilities. In addition, an estimated yearly savings of $109,100,000 to $218,200,000 U.S. health care dollars could be attained. Barrett Lester (1990) did a double-blinded, cross-over study on heparin versus saline flushing solutions for a period of two months in a small community hospital at Aroostook Medical Centre, Presque Isle. Floor nurses were used as observers and observe catheter failures, as either loss of patency or phlebitis. Data revealed a statistically significant advantage to using saline flushes when both loss of patency and phlebitis were combined (p